Development of the premixing injector in burner system

The alternative fuel is good attention especially for renewable and prevention energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel (BDF) has a potential for external combustion. BDF is one of the hydrocarbon fuels. Palm oil Biodiesel is free from sulfur and produced by esterification and transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol or methanol. The objectives of this research are design the mixing injector fuel and water-fuel emulsion with air for open burner and analyze the behavior of mixture spray formation between fuel (DF and BDF) and water-fuel emulsion. Premix injector use for external combustion especially open burner system. The disadvantages of BDF are high toxic emissions such as NOx, CO and particular matter (PM) and but it can reduced the performance of burner system. High toxic emission can be solved by using a new concept injector with mixing fuel-water emulsion and air. The additional water for combustion process can reduce the NOx emissions, soot, and the flame temperature. This research focuses the Spray angle, penetration, and flame length with secondary and without secondary air. CPO biodiesel has longer penetration length and spray area than diesel, but the spray angle is smaller than diesel. The different of flame Image between pure fuel and water mix with fuel is the flame color. Water mix with fuel has brightness color and shorter flame than pure fuel

Development of deflector flat spray nozzle with mixed of water and organic citric acid for emissions trap and cooling in the kitchen hood ventilation system

The growth of food industry is rapidly-evolving due to the increase of human population, which results in changes to the cooking technology development. This condition leads to increased pollution rate, especially air and water pollution. Recently, several technologies and research are developed to improve the commercial kitchen industry, especially in hotels and restaurants. The function of kitchen hood is to remove gas, odour, heat and steam during cooking process. The main purpose of this study is to introduce mist spray (atomization) to replace the water spray system in the existing kitchen hood. In addition, this study compared the existing (conventional) nozzles in the market such as KSJB model (water spray) and AL75 model (mist spray). Then, this study compared two nozzle designs of deflector nozzles that is ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0. The difference between these two nozzles is the swirl angle. The swirl angles for ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0 are 10o and 15o respectively. The use of the new nozzles is to reduce water consumption in the kitchen hood ventilation system. The other function is to introduce organic citric acid as an agent to absorb gas emitted during cooking, besides looking at the effect of nozzle design in limiting gas emission and reducing kitchen hood temperature during cooking. Several methods were used in this study, such as the development of a small size kitchen hood with one nozzle using water sensitive paper (WSP) to spray droplets with fluid pressure from one to six bar, using a gas analyzer for gas reading and thermocouple for temperature reading in the kitchen hood system. The results obtained from the comparison between KSJB model and AL75 model showed that the mist spray nozzle (AL75) is better than the water spray (KSJB) model. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between AL75 and KSJB is 15.08 – 35.82 % while the difference in temperature is 2.98 – 11.35 %. Then, the comparison between the new nozzles shows that ND2.5 A1.0 is better than ND 2.5B1.0. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between ND2.5 A1.0 and ND 2.5B1.0 is 2.65 – 24.32 % while the difference in temperature is 6.48 – 14.86 %. Lastly, comparison between AL75 and the new model which is ND2.5 A1.0 shows that ND2.5 A1.0 has better performance than AL75. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between these two models is 13.12 – 33 % while the difference in temperature is 11.84 – 20.22 %. However, the AL75 nozzle can reduce water consumption by 60 – 80 % as compared to KSJB, depending on air pressure. The results show that the atomization nozzles (AL75, ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0) have better effect than the water spray (KSJB) nozzle. The factors that improves kitchen hood performance are high spray angle, large droplet size and the usage of organic citric acid. In addition, mist spray can reduce water consumption and water pollution. In fact, the use of organic citric acid can reduce air pollution in the cooking process. For future studies, it is suggested to use an actual kitchen hood size for testing and the quantity for each nozzle type is increased in the kitchen hood system

Overview effect of biodiesel storage on properties and characteristics

Abstract. Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmen-tally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeep-ing issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel proper-ties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions

Effect of storage temperature and storage duration on biodiesel properties and characteristics

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 – 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 – 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges

Lung Function Test among Abrasive Blasting Workers in Lumut, Perak

Abrasive blasting process is a common process in marine industry. This process was use as main cleaning process method and normally will release fine dust that hazardous to human health. Main effect from fine dust to human health are respiratory failure such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lung function test can be used to detect any respiratory problems in human. The objective of the research to evaluate the effect of dust exposure from abrasive blasting to the workers. This study are conduct among workers work in dusty environment in Lumut, Perak, Malaysia. FEV1/FVC value from lung function test were evaluated to determine the severity of COPD among workers. While FEV1 prediction show restrictive pattern and use to determine any respiratory or lung problems among the workers. From the result, it does not show any COPD problem among workers. However, FEV1 show that some workers need to go for detail medical surveillance because of the result is less than 0.8. Employer and workers need to understand and know their work related risk to minimize the risk arising from their job or work conducted

Dust Exposure Monitoring: Abrasive Blasting Dust from Cleaning Process in Marine Industry

Abrasive blasting is one of application that widely use in marine industry. This process is expected would release dust that believe can be harmful to human health such as cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In Malaysia, Ministry of Health report that the deadliness of COPD for men in Malaysia peaks at age 80 and above. COPD start kills men at the lowest rate at age 10-14.  This study to determine the dust released from abrasive blasting in cleaning process and effect to human worker. This experiment was conducted using establish method which is NIOSH 0500 and NIOSH 0600 for exposure monitoring process. Sample from exposure monitoring process were analysis using XRD for determine the composition of dust release from abrasive blasting activity. Result from study show that level of exposure to dust release from abrasive blasting activity are exceed from the limit under Occupational Safety and Health (USECHH) Regulations 2000. Silica dioxide and other hazardous composition found under XRD testin

Velocity flow field characteristic on nozzle cavity using central composite design of computational method for dry ice blasting system

In the development of dry ice blasting nozzle geometry, the critical process parameters depend on particle jet velocity. However, very few researchers have attempted sensitivity on the velocity flow area of specific nozzle geometric parameters. A numerical simulation approach was performed in this paper using Ansys Fluent to investigate different nozzle parameters on the velocity flow field. A two-dimensional model is solved iteratively using averaged Navier-Stokes under Eulerian flow description. It was found that the velocity value increases that reach 550 m/s with an increment of the nozzle area ratio of up to 20 without influencing convergent angle and the velocity magnitude drop linearly from 525 m/s to 505 m/s in with the rise of divergent length that swell up to 700 mm and with constant convergent angle and convergent length

Breakdown Characteristics of Unused Transformer Oil and Olive Oil under AC and DC Voltages at Different Temperature Rate

This project aim is to investigate the breakdown characteristics of unused transformer oil and olive oil under AC and DC voltage at different temperature rate. HVAC and HVDC breakdown tests are carried out alongside with the hemisphere electrode arrangements. The high voltage test is done in order to observe the performances of the oil samples to attain the highest breakdown AC and DC voltages. In addition, this project needs to be done to see if olive oil as one of the vegetable oil can be an alternative for the conventional transformer oil. Commonly used transformer oil is made from mineral oil and it is declining day by day as its use increases. So as a precaution studies are done with vegetable oils to replace the mineral oil-based transformer insulation fluid. In this study, each oil sample is tested at different temperature rate and has recorded different value of breakdown voltage from the experiment. The gap distance between electrodes is constant and oil samples are heated at different temperature ranges. More voltage is needed to breakdown at higher temperature rate. Both the unused transformer oil and olive oil have linearly increased AC and DC breakdown voltages when subjected to higher temperatures. However, it is found that the highest AC and DC breakdown voltages are recorded at the highest temperature range and when the insulating medium used is olive oil. Moreover, the obtained AC and DC voltages are then be used to study the electric field in FEMM softwar

Establishment of method for identification of water quality in fire-tube boiler - a case study for UTHM Biodiesel Plant's Boiler

Water treatment process for a boiler is essential to ensure the boiler operates at an optimum condition. Accordingly, the present study aimed to introduce a water quality assurance method for a boiler at UTHM biodiesel plant. The water quality is investigated by experimental study, which includes the monitoring of total dissolved solids, potential of Hydrogen (pH), sulphate, iron and chloride content, total hardness, and alkalinity. The water sampling was conducted at three different points. Subsequently, for the purpose of water quality assurance, the amount and type of chemical needed for a boiler to maintain a substantial value of water treatment were also been determined. The results obtained in this study has revealed that most of the parameters investigated are within the allowable limits. Further work needs to be done to establish whether the steam produced by the boiler can be influenced by the boiler water quality

Application of Polarization and Depolarization Current in High Voltage Insulator - A Review

Deterioration of cable insulator can be caused by many factors such as aging, fault and breakdown. These factors are caused by the presence of moisture, impurities and heat due to high temperatures in an insulator. The maintenance and replacement for insulation system in power cables, power transformers and electric machine stator are generally expensive and time consuming. Thus, the performance and ability of an insulator can be monitored through polarization and depolarization current (PDC). Polarization and depolarization current (PDC) is a non-destructive test method that is used to analyse many factors that affects the behaviour of an insulator in time domain. This paper presents the review on application of polarization and depolarization current test method on different type of insulator. The factors that affects the performance of different type of insulator will be discussed in this paper. Moreover, the theory of polarization and depolarization current will be explained in order to understand the behaviour of polarization and depolarization current curve when fault occurs. Last but not least, this paper will provide a review on the different type of factors that affects the performance of different types of insulation